Organic Chemistry

Alkanes & Alkyl Groups — alkane molecules and alkyl functional groups are single-bonded hydrocarbons.
IR Absorption: Medium to strong @ 2850-2975 cm^-1

Alkenes & Alkenyl Groups — characterized by double-bonds between carbons.
IR Absorption: Medium to weak @ 1640-1680 cm^-1 (medium @ 3020-3100 for conjugated alkane-alkene)

Alkynes & Alkynyl Groups — alkyne molecules and functional groups have triple-bonds between carbon atoms.

Alkyl Halides & Halide Groups — organic halide molecules, also known as halocarbons or alkyl halides, are carbon-based molecules that contain one or more halogens.

Alcohols & Hydroxyl Groups — alcohols are molecules that have one or more hydroxyl groups.

Ethers —

Amines —

(Organic) Thiols —

(Organic) Sulphides —

Nitriles —

Aldehydes — the simplest aldehyde is methanal, also known as formaldehyde.

Ketones — the simplest ketone is propanone.

Carboxylic Acids — the simplest carboxylic acid is methanoic acid, also known as formic acid.

Orbital Hybridization — has to do with the angle of bonds to atoms.

Chirality — has to do with the ordering of bonds to atoms.

Staggered Conformation — is the stablest conformation for C-C bonds.

Eclipsed Conformation —

Chair Conformation — the stablest conformation for cyclohexane rings.

Boat Conformation —

Constitutional Isomers — have the same chemical formula (i.e., the same number of every kind of atom) but are put together in entirely different ways.

Stereoisomers — have the all the same atoms bonded to the same atoms, thus having not only the same constitution but also somewhat similar configuration, however the bonds between some of these atoms are oriented differently.

Carbocation — a carbon with only three bonds and a positive formal charge.

Carbanion — has one lone pair of valence electrons and a negative formal charge.

Free Radical — have a single, unpaired valence electron and a formal charge of zero.

Acid Disassociation Constant [K_a] — stronger acids have a larger K_a value.

pK_a — negative log of the acid disassociation constant.

Proton Concentration [pH] — a lower pH value indicates greater acidity, while a higher pH value indicates great basicity.

Equilibrium Constant [K_eq] —