Acid X-Philes
Acidophiles & Hyperacidotolerant, Near-Acidophilic Neutriphiles
Introduction
This group includes organisms capable of thriving in hyperacidic conditions, most of which have an optimal growth pH of 5 or lower (OGpH<5), although a few have an OGpH slightly above this (e.g., Nanoarchaeum equitans, OGpH=6) but can nonetheless be found flourishing in hyperacidic environments (pH=0.5-1.5).
Part I
Archaea
| Genus & Species | OGpH | pH range | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acidianus ambivalens | 2.5 | 1-3.5 | Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus brierleyi | 1.5-2 | 1-6 | Johnson, 1998; Edwards et al., 2000; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus convivator | <4 | ? | () | Acidianus copahuensis | 2.5-3 | 1-5 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus infernus | 2 | 1-5.5 | Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus manzaensis | 1.2-2.5 | 1-5 | Ding et al. 2011; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus pozzuoliensis | ? | ||
| Acidianus sulfidivorans | 0.8-1.4 | 0.35-3 | Plumb et al. 2007; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus tengchongensis | 1.5-2.5 | 1-5.5 | He et al. 2004; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus sp. DSM 29099 | ? | ? | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidianus sp. RZ1 | ? | ? | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidiplasma aeolicum | 1.4-1.6 | 0-4 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidiplasma cupricumulans | 1-1.2 | 0.4-1.8 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Candidatus Aenigmarchaeum subterraneum | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Cenarchaeum symbiosum A | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Cuniculiplasma divulgatum | 1-1.2 | ? | Golyshina et al. 2016 |
| Ferroplasma acidarmanus | 1.2 | 0-2.5 | Edwards et al., 2000, Dopson et al.2003; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Ferroplasma acidiphilum | 1.7 | 1.3-2.2 | Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Ferroplasma acidiphilum BRGM4 | ? | ? | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Ferroplasma cyprexacervatum | <4 | ? | () |
| Ferroplasma thermophilum | 1 | 0.2-2.5 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Halarchaeum acidiphilum | <4 | ? | () |
| Candidatus Haloredivivus sp. | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Lainarchaeum andersonii | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Mancarchaeum acidiphilum | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Metallosphaera cuprina | 3.5 | 2.5-5.5 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Metallosphaera hakonensis | 3 | 1-4 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Metallosphaera prunae | 2 | 1-4.5 | Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Metallosphaera sedula | 2 | 1-4.5 | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Metallosphaera yellowstonensis | 2-3 | 1-4.5 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Candidatus Micrarchaeum acidiphilum | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Baker et al., 2010; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nanoarchaeum equitans | 6*; 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Baker et al., 2010; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Nanobsidianus stetteri | ? | ||
| Nanopusillus acidilobi sp. | ? | ||
| Candidatus Nanosalina sp. | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Baker et al., 2010; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nanosalinarum sp. | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Baker et al., 2010; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum koreensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum limnia | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum limnia | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus oleophilus | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus brevis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus | <4 | ? | Lehtovirta-Morley et al., 2014; Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus viennensis | <4 | ? | Lehtovirta-Morley et al., 2014 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus sp. SJ | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus sp. NF5 | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus sp. AR1 | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus sp. AR2 | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus salaria | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosopumilus sp. D3C | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrososphaera evergladensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrososphaera viennensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrososphaera gargensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosotalea okcheonensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosotalea sinensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosotalea devanaterra | 4-5 | ? | Lehtovirta-Morley et al., 2011 & 2014; Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosotalea bavarica | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosotenuis chungbukensis | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Nitrosotenuis cloacae | <4 | ? | Herbold et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Parvarchaeum acidiphilum | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Baker et al., 2010; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Candidatus Parvarchaeum acidophilus | 0.5-1.5 | ? | Baker et al., 2006; Baker et al., 2010; Golyshina et al., 2017 |
| Picrophilus sp. | 1 | ? | (Baker-Austin & Dopson, 2007) |
| Picrophilus oshimae | 0.7-2.2 | ≥0-3.5 | Rampelotto, 2013, Johnson, 1998 |
| Picrophilus torridus | 0.06-0.07 | ≥0-3.5 | Rampelotto, 2013, Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Stygiolobus azoricus | 2.5-3 | 1-5.5 | Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus acidocaldarius | 2-3 | 1-5.9 | Johnson, 1998; Edwards et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus hakonensis | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Sulfolobus islandicus | <4 | ? | () |
| Sulfolobus metallicus | ? | 1-4.5 | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus mirabilis | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Sulfolobus neozealandicus | ? | ? | () | Sulfolobus rivotinct | ? | ? | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus shibatae | 3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus solfataricus | 3 | 2-4 | Johnson, 1998, Dopson (2003); Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus tengchongensis | 3.5 | 1.7-6.5 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus thuringiensis | ? | ? | () |
| Sulfolobus tokodaii | 2.5-3 | 2-5 | Dopson 2003; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfolobus yangmingensis | 4 | 2-6 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis | 2 | 1-5 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfurococcus mirabilis | 2-2.6 | 1-5.8 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfurococcus yellowstonensis | 2-2.6 | 1-5.5 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Sulfurococcus yellowstonii | ? | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Thermococcus celer | 5.8 | ? | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Thermogymnomonas acidocola | 3 | 1.8-4 | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Thermoplasma acidophilum | 1.8 | 0.5-4 | Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Thermoplasma volcanium | 2 | 1-4 | Johnson, 1998; Zhang et al., 2015 |
Phylogenic Table of Archaea
- Phylum: Euryarchaeota
- Class: Methanopyri
- Class: Methanococci
- Class: Eurythermia
- Superclass: Neobacteria
- Superphylum: DPANN group
- Phylum: Diapherotrites
- Phylum: Pacearchaeota
- Phylum: Aenigmarchaeota
- Phylum: Nanoarchaeota
- Phylum: Nanohaloarchaeota
- Phylum: Woesearchaeota
- Phyla: ARMAN
- Kingdom: Proteoarchaeota
- TACK group
- Thaumarchaeota
- Aigarchaeota
- Crenarchaeota
- Korarchaeota
- Bathyarchaeota
- Geoarchaeota
- Asgard group (“Asgardarchaeota”)
- Lokiarchaeota
- Odinarchaeota
- Thorarchaeota
- Heimdallarchaeota
Part I
Bacteria
| Genus & Species | OGpH | pH range | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetobacter aceti | ? | Johnson, 1998 | |
| Acidiphilium acidophilum
(Thiobacillus acidophilus) |
<3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Acidiphilium multivorum | <3 | ? | (Dopson 2003) | Acidithiobacillus albertensis
(Thiobacillus albertis) |
<3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015 |
| Acidithiobacillus caldus
(Thiobacillus caldus) |
<3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidithiobacillus ferridurans | <4 | ? | () |
| Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus | <4 | ? | () |
| Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans | <4 | ? | (Fashola et al., 2015) |
| Acidithiobacillus ferro(o)xidans
(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) |
<3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidithiobacillus thioxidans
(Thiobacillus thioxidans) |
<3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Acidobacterium capsulatum | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015 |
| Acidimicrobium ferroxidans | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015 |
| Acidocella spp. | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Acidomonas methanolica | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Alicyclobacillus thermosulfidooxidans | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Alicyclobacillus thermosulfidooxidans
(Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans) |
<3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Bryocella elongata | <4 | ? | () |
| Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Ferrimicrobium acidiphilus | <3 | ? | Fashola et al., 2015 |
| Gallionella ferruginea | ? | (Fashola et al., 2015) | |
| Helicobacter pylori | ? | ||
| Hydrogenobacter acidophilus | ? | (Fashola et al., 2015) | |
| Leptospirillum ferriphilum | <3 | ? | Lehtovirta-Morley et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Leptospirillum ferro(o)xidans | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Leptospirillum thermoferrooxidans | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Sulfobacillus acidophilus | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998; Fashola et al., 2015 |
| Telmatobacter bradus | <4 | ? | () |
| Thiobacillus acidophilus | <4 | ? | () |
| Thiobacillus dentrificans | ? | (Fashola et al., 2015) | |
| Thiobacillus organovorus | <4 | ? | () |
| Thiobacillus prosperus | <3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Thiomonas cuprina
(Thiobacillus cuprinus) |
<3 | ? | Johnson, 1998 |
| Desulfovibrio sp. | ? | ? | Fashola et al., 2015 | Desulfomicrobium sp. | ? | ? | Fashola et al., 2015 | Desulfobulbus sp. | ? | ? | Fashola et al., 2015 | Desulfosarcina sp. | ? | ? | Fashola et al., 2015 | Desulfobacter sp. | ? | ? | Fashola et al., 2015 | Desulfotomaculum sp. | ? | ? | Fashola et al., 2015 |
Ding et al., 2011
Dopson et al., 2003
Baker et al., 2010
Plumb et al., 2007
Whitman et al., 1999
"Nitrosotalea is an abundant, globally distributed genus of AOA found in acidic soils (Gubry-Rangin et al., 2011). Thirty per cent of the world's soils are considered acidic (pH < 5.5; von Uexküll & Mutert, 1995), and ammonia oxidation in low pH soils is dominated by AOA, rather than AOB (Gubry-Rangin et al., 2010; Lehtovirta-Morley et al., 2011)."
Craig W. Herbold, Laura E. Lehtovirta-Morley, Man-Young Jung, Nico Jehmlich, Bela Hausmann, Ping Han, Alexander Loy, Michael Pester, Luis A. Sayavedra-Soto, Sung-Keun Rhee, James I. Prosser, Graeme W. Nicol, Michael Wagner and Cecile Gubry-Rangin. Ammonia-oxidising archaea living at low pH: Insights from comparative genomics. Environmental Microbiology (2017) 19(12), 4939–4952