Amino Acid

Phenylalanine [C₉H₁₁NO₂] — found in breast milk. Not one of the amino acids known from the Murchison meteorite or other extraterrestrial sources.
Codons: TTT, TTC (DNA), UUU, UUC (mRNA)
Mass: 165.192 g/mol
pK_a: 1.83 (carboxyl), 9.13 (amino)

Leucine [C₆H₁₃NO₂] — commonly found in meats, dairy, and protein-rich plant sources like beans and legumes. Also present in the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: TTA, TTG, CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG (DNA), UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG (mRNA)
Mass: 131.175 g/mol
pK_a: 2.36 (carboxyl), 9.60 (amino)

Isoleucine [C₆H₁₃NO₂] —
Codons: ATT, ATC, ATA (DNA), AUU, AUC, AUA (mRNA)
Mass: 131.175 g/mol
pK_a:

Valine [C₅H₁₁NO₂] —
Codons: GTT, GTC, GTA, GTG (DNA), GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG (mRNA)
Mass: 177.148 g/mol
pK_a: 2.32 (carboxyl), 9.62 (amino)

Proline [C₅H₉NO₂] —
Codons: CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG (DNA), CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG (mRNA)
Mass: 115.132 g/mol
pK_a: 1.99 (carboxyl), 10.96 (amino)

Alanine [C₃H₇NO₂] — one of the amino acids known from the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG (DNA), GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG (mRNA)
Mass: 89.094 g/mol
pK_a: 2.34 (carboxyl), 9.87 (amino)

Tryptophan [C₁₁12₇N₂O₂] — one of the amino acids known from the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: TGG (DNA), UGG (mRNA)
Mass: 204.229 g/mol
pK_a: 2.38 (carboxyl), 9.39 (amino)

Glycine [C₂H₅NO₂] — one of the amino acids detected in the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG (DNA), GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG (mRNA)
Mass: 75.067 g/mol
pK_a: 2.34 (carboxyl), 9.6 (amino)

Serine — non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized from glycine and other metabolites. Not found in the Murchison meteorite or other extraterrestrial sources.
Codons: TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT, AGC (DNA), UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC (mRNA)
Mass: 105.093 g/mol
pK_a: 2.21 (carboxyl), 9.15 (amino)

Threonine — not one of the amin acids known from the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: ACT, ACC, ACA, ACG (DNA), ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG (mRNA)
Mass: 199.120 g/mol
pK_a: 2.63 (carboxyl), 10.43 (amino)

Tyrosine [C₉H₁₁NO₃] —
Codons: TAC, TAT (DNA), UAC, UAU (mRNA)
Mass: 181.191 g/mol
pK_a:

Glutamine — one of the amino acids known from the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: CAA, CAG (DNA), CAA, CAG (mRNA)
Mass: 146.146 g/mol
pK_a: 2.20 (carboxyl), 9.10 (amino)

Asparagine [C₄H₈N₂O₃] — not one of the amino acids known from the Murchison meteorite or other extraterrestrial sources.
Codons: AAT, AAC (DNA), AAU, AAC (mRNA)
Mass: 132.119 g/mol
pK_a: 2.10 (carboxyl), 8.80 (amino)

Cysteine [C₃H₇NO₂S] — one of the amino acids known from the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: TGT, TGC (DNA), UGU, UGC (mRNA)
Mass: 121.150 g/mol
pK_a:

Histidine — in hemoglobin, histidine is involved in the coordination of the addition of iron to the heme prosthetic group.

Lysine [C₆H₁₄N₂O₂] — α-amino acid. Necessary for protein synthesis. Present in the Murchison meteorite. Non-avian dinosaurs cannot manufacture this amino acid and will die after seven days without supplementation.
Codons: AAA, AAG (DNA & mRNA)
Mass: 146.190 g/mol
pK_a:

Arginine [C₆H₁₄N₄O₂] —
Codons: CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG (DNA), CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG (mRNA)
Mass: 174.204 g/mol
pK_a: 13.8
pK_b: 1.509

Aspartic Acid — one of the amino acids found in the Murchison meteorite.
Codons: TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT, AGC (DNA), UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC (mRNA)
Mass: 133.103 g/mol
pK_a: 1.99 (α-carboxyl), 3.90 (side chain), 9.90 (amino)

Glutamic Acid [C₅H₉NO₄ —
Codons: GAA, GAGC (DNA & mRNA)
Mass: 147.130 g/mol
pK_a: 2.10 (α-carboxyl), 4.07 (side chain), 9.47 (amino)