Heat X-Philes: Archaea
Thermophilic Archaea & Hyperthermotolerant, Near-Thermophilic Archaeal Mesophiles
Introduction
This group includes not only “simple” archaeal thermophiles, with an optimal growth temperature of anywhere from 50°C to 80°C (OGT=65°C±15°C), or 122°F to 176°F (149°F±27°F), but also archaeal hyperthermophiles, who have an optimal growth temperature over 80°C (OGT≥80°C) or 176°F (OGT≥176°F).
Phylogenic Overview of Archaeal Thermophiles & Hyperthermotolerant Archaea
- Domain: Archaea (≥9 relevant genera; ≥230 relevant species)
- Phylum: Euryarchaeota
- Class: Archaeoglobi
- Order: Archaeoglobales
- Family: Archaeoglobaceae
- Class: Archaeoglobus (≥5 relevant species)
- Class: Methanopyri
- Order: Methanopyrales
- Family: Methanopyraceae
- Genus: Methanopyrus (≥1 relevant species)
- Class: Thermococci
- Order: Thermococcales
- Family: Thermococcaceae
- Genus: Pyrococcus (≥6 relevant species)
- Genus: Thermococcus (≥169 revelant species)
- Kingdom: Proteoarchaeota
- Superphylum: TACK group
- Phylum: Crenarchaeota
- Class: Thermoprotei
- Order: Desulfurococcales
- Family: Desulfurococcaceae
- Genus: Aeropyrum (≥2 revelent species)
- Family: Pyrodictiaceae
- Genus: Geogemma (≥3 revelant species)
- Genus: Pyrolobus (≥1 revelant species)
- Order: Sulfolobales
- Family: Sulfobaceae
- Genus: Stygiolobus (≥1 relevant species)
- Genus: Sulfolobus (≥42 relevant species)
List of Archaeal Thermophiles & Hyperthermotolerant Archaea by Temperature Range & by OGT
Here organisms are listed first by the upper end of their temperature range, then by OGT, then by the lower end of their temperature range, and for any organisms for which these properties are unknown, they will be listed in alphabetical order at the end.
| Genus | High T°C | OGT°C | Low T°C | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geogemma | 130 | 121 | ? | Kashefi & Lovley, 2003 |
| Methanopyrus | 122 | 98 | 84 | Kurr &al., 1992 |
| Pyrolobus | 113 | 106 | 90 | Bloch &al., 1997 |
| Pyrococcus | 104 | 98 | 88 | Erauso &al., 1993 |
| Aeropyrum | 100 | 90-95 | 70 | Sako &al., 1996 |
| Archaeoglobus | 95 | 83 | 60 | Klenk &al., 1997 |
| Thermococcus | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Methanocaldocococcus | 94 | 85 | 48 | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Stygiolobus | 92 | 84 | ? | Segerer &al., 1991 |
| Genus & Species | High Temp | OGT | Low Temp | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermococcus gammatolerans | 95 | 88 | 55 | Jolivet, 2003 |
Alphabetical List of Archaeal Thermophiles & Thermotolerant Archaea
Here organisms are listed first by the upper end of their temperature range, then by OGT, then by the lower end of their temperature range, and for any organisms for which these properties are unknown, they will be listed in alphabetical order at the end.
| Genus | High T°C | OGT° | Low T° | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aeropyrum | 100 | 90-95 | 70 | Sako &al., 1996 |
| Archaeoglobus | 95 | 83 | 60 | Klenk &al., 1997 |
| Geogemma | 130 | 121 | ? | Kashefi & Lovley, 2003 |
| Methanocaldocococcus | 94 | 85 | 48 | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Methanopyrus | 122 | 98 | 84 | Kurr &al., 1992 |
| Pyrolobus | 113 | 106 | 90 | Bloch &al., 1997 |
| Pyrococcus | 104 | 98 | 88 | Erauso &al., 1993 |
| Stygiolobus | 92 | 84 | ? | Segerer &al., 1991 |
| Thermococcus | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
Here organisms are listed first by the upper end of their temperature range, then by OGT, then by the lower end of their temperature range, and for any organisms for which these properties are unknown, they will be listed in alphabetical order at the end.
| Genus & Species | High Temp | OGT | Low Temp | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aeropyrum camini | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| Aeropyrum pernix | 100 | 90-95 | 70 | Sako &al., 1996 |
| Archaeoglobus fulgidus | 95 | 83 | 60 | Stetter &al., 1988; Klenk &al., 1997 |
| Archaeoglobus infectus | 95? | 83? | 60? | Mori &al., 2008 |
| Archaeoglobus lithotrophicus | 95? | 83? | 60? | ? |
| Archaeoglobus profundis | 95? | 83? | 60? | Burggraf &al. 1990 |
| Archaeoglobus veneficus | 95? | 83? | 60? | Huber &al. 1998 |
| Geogemma barossi (Pyrolobus fumarii, strain 121) |
130 | 121 | ? | Kashefi & Lovley, 2003 |
| Methanocaldocococcus jannaschii (Methanococcus jannaschii) |
94 | 85 | 48 | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Methanopyrus kandleri | 122 | 98 | 84 | Kurr &al., 1992 |
| Pyrolobus fumarii | 113 | 106 | 90 | Bloch &al., 1997 |
| Pyrococcus horikoshii | 104 | 98 | 88 | Erauso &al., 1993 |
| Pyrococcus furiosus | 103 | 100 | 70 | Erauso &al., 1993 |
| Pyrococcus abyssi | 101.5 | 96 | 68 | Erauso &al., 1993 |
| Pyrococcus endeavori | 100? | 95? | 65? | ? |
| Pyrococcus glycovorans | 100? | 95? | 65? | ? |
| Pyrococcus woesei | 100? | 95? | 65? | ? |
| Stygiolobus azoricus | 92 | 84 | ? | Segerer &al., 1991 |
| Sulfolobus acidocaldarius | 90 | 75-80 | 65 | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus islandicus | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus metallicus | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus neozealandicus | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus shibitae | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus solfataricus | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus tengchongensis | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus thuringiensis | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus tokodaii | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus yangmingensis | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | Brock &al., 1972 |
| Sulfolobus sp. AMP12/99 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. CH7/99 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. FF5/00 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. G81 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. H | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. JP2 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. JP3 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. K00 8-41 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. L00 11 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. L00 24 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. M02 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. MV2/99 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. MVSoil3/SC2 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. MVSoil6/SC1 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. NGB6/00 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. NGB23/00 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. NGL8/00 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. NO82 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. NOB8H2 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. RC3 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. RC6/00 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. RCSC1/01 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Sko-3 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Ta | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Tu A | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Tu B-1 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Y00 58-82 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Y01 90#-18 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Y99 9-16 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. Y99 9-23 | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Sulfolobus sp. (uncultured) | 90? | 75-80 | 65? | ? |
| Thermococcus acidaminovorans | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus aegaeus | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus aggregans | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus alcaliphilus
(also an alkaliphile) |
95? | >80 | 70? | Keller &al., 1997 |
| Thermococcus atlanticus | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus barophilus
(also a barophile) |
90-100* | 85 | 45 | Marteinsson &al., 1999 |
| Thermococcus barossi | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus celer
(also mildly acidophilic) |
93 | 88 | 70? | Zillig, 1983 |
| Thermococcus chitonophagus
(one of only three archaeal chiton-philes) (also a barophile?) |
120 | 80? | 70? | Huber & Stetter, 1996 |
| Thermococcus coalescens | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus fumicolans | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus gammatolerans | 95 | 88 | 55 | Jolivet, 2003 |
| Thermococcus gorgonarius | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus guaymasensis | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus hydrothermalis
(also a barophile?) |
120? | 110 | 70? | Godfroy &al., 1997 |
| Thermococcus kodakarensis | 100 | 85 | 60 | Atomi &al., 2004 |
| Thermococcus litoralis
(also barotolerant and mildly acidophilic.) |
100 | 85-88 | 55 | Neuner &al., 2001 |
| Thermococcus marinus | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus mexicalis | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus pacificus | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus peptonophilus
(more thermophilic at higher pressures and more barophilic at higher temps |
? | 80-95* | 70? | Canganella &al., 1996 |
| Thermococcus profundis | 95? | 80 | 70? | Kobayashi & Horikoshi, 1995 |
| Thermococcus radiotolerans | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sibiricus | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus siculi | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus stetteri | 95? | >80 | 70? | Miroshnichenko, 1990 |
| Thermococcus waimanguensis | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus waiotapuensis | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus zilligii
(also alkaliphilic?) |
95? | >80 | 70? | Zillig, 1982 |
| Thermococcus sp. | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 12-4 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 13-2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 13-3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 21-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 23-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 23-2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 26-2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 26-3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 28-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 29-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 300-Tc | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 30-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 31-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 31-3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 5-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 70-4-2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 83-5-2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 9N2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 9N3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. 9oN-7 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. AEPII 1a | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. AM4 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Anhete70-I78 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Anhete70-SCI | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Anhete85-I78 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Anhete 85-SCI | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. AT1273 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax00-17 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax00-27 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax00-39 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax00-45 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax01-2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax01-37 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax01-39 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax01-3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax01-61 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax01-62 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax01-65 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax98-43 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax98-46 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax98-48 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax99-47 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax99-57 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Ax99-67 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. B1001 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. BHI60a21 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. BHI80a28 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. BHI80a40 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CAR-80 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CKU-199 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CL1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CL2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CMI | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CNR-5 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CX1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CX2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CX3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CX4 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. CYA | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Dex80a71 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Dex80a75 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. enrichment clone SA3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. GE8 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Gorda2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Gorda3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Gorda4 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Gorda5 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Gorda6 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. GT | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. GU5L5 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. JDF-3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. KI | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. KS-1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. KS-8 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MV1031 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MV1049 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MV1083 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MV1092 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MV1099 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ10 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ11 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ12 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ13 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ5 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ6 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ8 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. MZ9 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. NA1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. NS85-T | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. OGL-20P | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. P6 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Pd70 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Pd85 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Rt3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. SB611 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. SN531 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-1-70 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-1-85 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-1-95 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-2-85 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-2-95 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-365-70 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-365-85 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-365-95 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-4-70 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-4-85 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc70-CRC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc70-CRC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc70-MC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc70-SC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc70-SC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-0 age SC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-CRC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-CRC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-MC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-MC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-SC-ISCS | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-SC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc85-SC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc95-CRC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc95-CRC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc95-MC-I | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc95-MC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc95-SC-S | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-I-70 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-I-85 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-S-70 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. Tc-S-85 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. TK1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. TM1 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. TS2 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. TS3 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. vp197 | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
| Thermococcus sp. (uncultured) | 95? | >80 | 70? | ? |
Ding &al., 2011
Dopson &al., 2003
Baker &al., 2010
Plumb &al., 2007
Whitman &al., 1999
"Nitrosotalea is an abundant, globally distributed genus of AOA found in acidic soils (Gubry-Rangin et al., 2011). Thirty per cent of the world's soils are considered acidic (pH < 5.5; von Uexk�ll & Mutert, 1995), and ammonia oxidation in low pH soils is dominated by AOA, rather than AOB (Gubry-Rangin et al., 2010; Lehtovirta-Morley et al., 2011)."
Craig W. Herbold, Laura E. Lehtovirta-Morley, Man-Young Jung, Nico Jehmlich, Bela Hausmann, Ping Han, Alexander Loy, Michael Pester, Luis A. Sayavedra-Soto, Sung-Keun Rhee, James I. Prosser, Graeme W. Nicol, Michael Wagner and Cecile Gubry-Rangin. Ammonia-oxidising archaea living at low pH: Insights from comparative genomics. Environmental Microbiology (2017) 19(12), 4939�4952
References
