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Space X-Philes

Astrotolerant Organisms


Introduction

Astrotolerant prokaryotes are defined here as prokaryotes with one or more specific “astrotolerances”, or adaptations/exaptations to enduring interplanetary conditions, such as low temperature, low pressure, high radiation, extreme drouth, and (because interplanetary transit involves vast distances) time. Therefore, included in this category are cryophiles, hypobarophiles, radiotolerant organisms, xerophiles, and chronotolerant organisms. These are in contrast to hypergeophiles, or creatures adapted for surviving planetary extremes.

In addition to other sources cited, much of this information was compiled with the help of resources such as the The List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), and NCBI’s Taxonomy Browser.




Taxonomic/Phylogenetic Overview of Astrotolerant Genera

“Astrotolerant genera” refers here to genera known to include species with astrotolerances.

Genera containing cryophilic and cryotolerant organisms are marked with an asterisk (*)

Genera containing radiophilic and radioresistant organisms are marked with a dagger (†)

Genera containing hypobarophilic and hypobarotolerant organisms are marked with two asterisks (**)

Genera containing xerophilic and xerotolerant organisms are marked with two daggers (††)

Genera containing chronotolerant organisms are marked with a double dagger (‡)

In addition to other sources cited, much of this information was compiled with the help of NCBI’s Taxonomy Browser.


Domain: Archaea
Phylum: Euryarchaeota
Class: Halobacteria
Order: Halobacteriales
Family: Halobacteriaceae
Genus: Halobacterium †+
Order: Natrialbales
Family: Natrialbaceae
Genus: Natrialba ***†††+
Class: Thermococci
Order: Thermococcales
Family: Thermococcaceae
Genus: Pyrococcus †+
Genus: Thermococcus †+

Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Rubrobacteria
Order: Rubrobacterales
Family: Rubrobacteraceae
Genus: Rubrobacter
Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus
Class: Deinococci
Order: Deinococcales
Family: Deinococcaceae
Genus: Deinococcus ***†††+
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Hyphomonadales
Family: Hyphomonadaceae
Genus: Hyphomonas *
Class: Betaproteobacteria
Order: Burkholderiales
Family: Alcaligenaceae
Genus: Achromobacter *
Genus: Alcaligenes *
Order: Neisseriales
Family: Chromobacteriaceae
Genus: Aquaspirillum *
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Alteromonadales
Family: Alteromonadaceae
Genus: Alteromonas *
Family: Colwelliaceae
Genus: Colwellia *
Order: Pseudomonadales
Family: Moraxellaceae
Genus: Psychrobacter *†
Kingdom: Fibrobacteres/Chlorobi/Bacteroidetes group
Superphylum: Bacteroides/Chlorobi group
Phylum: Bacteroidetes
Class: Bacteroidia
Order: Bacteroidales
Family: Bacteroidaceae
Genus: Bacteroides *
Class: Cytophagia
Order: Cytophagales
Family: Cytophagaceae
Genus: Cytophaga *
Kingdom: Terrabacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Brevibacteriaceae
Genus: Brevibacterium *
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Arthrobacter *
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus ***†††‡+
Genus: Virgibacillus ***†††‡+
Family: Incertae sedis
Genus: Exiguobacterium **
Class: Clostridia
Order: Clostridiales
Family: Clostridiaceae
Genus: Clostridium ***†††‡+
Phylum: Cyanobacteria/Melainabacteria group
Class: Cyanobacteria
Order: Chroococcidiopsidales
Family: Chroococcidiopsidaceae
Genus: Chroococcidiopsis *†+



List of Astrotolerant Genera

“Astrotolerant genera” refers here to genera known to include species with astrotolerances.

Genera containing cryophilic and cryotolerant organisms are marked with an asterisk (*)

Genera containing radiophilic and radioresistant organisms are marked with a dagger (†)

Genera containing hypobarophilic and hypobarotolerant organisms are marked with two asterisks (**)

Genera containing xerophilic and xerotolerant organisms are marked with two daggers (††)

Genera containing chronotolerant organisms are marked with a double dagger (‡)

In addition to other sources cited, much of this information was compiled with the help of NCBI’s Taxonomy Browser.

Described genera
Genus Source
* Achromobacter Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Alcaligenes Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Alteromonas Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Aquaspirillum Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Arthrobacter Morita & Moyer, 2001
***†††‡ Bacillus ?
* Bacteroides Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Brevibacterium Morita & Moyer, 2001
*** Carnobacterium ?
***†††‡ Clostridium ?
* Colwellia Morita & Moyer, 2001
*** Cryobacterium ?
* Cytophaga Morita & Moyer, 2001
***††† Deinococcus ?
** Exiguobacterium Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
* Flavobacterium Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Gelidibacter Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Halomonas Wang &al., 2020
* Hyphomonas Edwards &al., 2003
* Methanococcoides Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Methanogenium Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Methanosarcina Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Methylococcus Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Microbacterium Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Micrococcus Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Moritella Morita & Moyer, 2001
***††† Natrialba (Tindall &al., 1984) Kamekura &al., 1997
* Octadecabacter Morita & Moyer, 2001
** Paenibacillus ?
* Phormidium Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Photobacterium Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Polaribacter Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Polaromonas Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Psuedomonas Morita &al., 2001; Saurabh &al., 2020; Yumoto &al., 2001
*† Psychrobacter Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
* Psychroserpens Morita & Moyer, 2001
** Rhodococcus ?
Rubrobacter Kampfer &al., 2014
* Shewanella Morita & Moyer, 2001
** Streptomyces ?
** Serratia ?
Thermococcus ?
* Vibrio Morita & Moyer, 2001



List of Astrotolerant Species

In addition to other sources cited, much of this information was compiled with the help of resources such as the The List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), and NCBI’s Taxonomy Browser.

Note: This list is still under construction and has definitely not yet been double-checked for accuracy! This situation will be remedied as quickly as possible.

Described Species
Genus & Species Source
* Achromobacter aegrifaciens Vandamme &al., 2014
* Achromobacter agilis Vandamme &al., 2016
* Achromobacter aloeverae Kuncharoen &al., 2017
* Achromobacter animicus Vandamme &al., 2013
* Achromobacter anxifer Vandamme &al., 2014
* Achromobacter deleyi Vandamme &al., 2016
* Achromobacter dentrificans (Ruger &Tan, 1983) Coenye &al., 2003
* Achromobacter dolens Vandamme &al., 2016
* Achromobacter insolitus Coenye &al., 2003
* Achromobacter insuavis Vandamme &al., 2014
* Achromobacter kerstersii Vandamme &al., 2016
* Achromobacter marplatensis Gomila &al., 2011
* Achromobacter mucicolens Vandamme &al., 2013
* Achromobacter pestifer (Frankland & Frankland, 1887) Vandamme &al., 2016
* Achromobacter piechaudii (Kiredjian &al., 1986) Yabuuchi &al., 1998
* Achromobacter pulmonis Vandamme &al., 2013
* Achromobacter ruhlandii (Packer &Vishniac, 1955) Yabuuchi &al., 1998
* Achromobacter sediminum Zhang &al., 2014
* Achromobacter spanius Coenye &al., 2003
* Achromobacter spiritinus Vandamme &al., 2013
* Achromobacter veterisilvae Dumolin &al., 2020
* Achromobacter xylosoxidans (Yabuuchi & Ohyama, 1971) Yabuuchi & Yano, 1981
* Achromobacter ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Alcaligenes aquatilis Van Trappen &al., 2005
* Alcaligenes endophyticus Lu &al., 2017
* Alcaligenes faecalis Castellani & Chalmers, 1919
* Alcaligenes pakistanensis Abbas &al., 2016
* Alcaligenes ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Alteromonas addita Ivanova &al., 2005
* Alteromonas aestuariivivens Park &al., 2017
* Alteromonas alba Sun &al., 2019
* Alteromonas australica Ivanova &al., 2013
* Alteromonas confluentis Park &al., 2015
* Alteromonas facilis Zhang &al., 2020
* Alteromonas flava Zhang &al., 2020
* Alteromonas fortis Barbeyron &al., 2019
* Alteromonas genovensis Vandecandelaere &al., 2008
* Alteromonas gracilis Matsuyama &al., 2015
*+ Alteromonas halophila (halophile?) Chen &al., 2012
* Alteromonas hispanica Martinez-Checa &al., 2005
* Alteromonas lipolytica Shi &al., 2017
* Alteromonas litorea Yoon &al., 2003
* Alteromonas macleodii Baumann &al., 1972
* Alteromonas marina Yoon &al., 2003
* Alteromonas mediterranea Ivanova &al., 2015
* Alteromonas naphthalenivorans Jin &al., 2015
* Alteromonas nigrifaciens (White &al., 1940) Baumann &al., 1984
* Alteromonas oceani Jin &al., 2018
* Alteromonas pelagimontana Sinha &al., 2017
* Alteromonas marina Yoon &al., 2003
* Alteromonas ponticola Kim &al., 2020
* Alteromonas portus Huang &al., 2020
* Alteromonas profundi Shen &al., 2020
* Alteromonas sediminis Ye &al., 2019
* Alteromonas simiduii Chiu &al., 2007
* Alteromonas stellipolaris Van Trappen &al., 2004
* Alteromonas tagae Simidu &al., 1990
* Alteromonas ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Aquaspirillum arcticum Butler &al., 1990
* Aquaspirillum bengal Kumar &al., 1974
* Aquaspirillum polymorphum (Williams & Ritten, 1980) Hylemon &al., 1973
* Aquaspirillum putridiconchylium (Terasaki, 1961) Hylemon &al., 1973
* Aquaspirillum serpens (Muller, 1786) Hylemon &al., 1973
* Aquaspirillum soli Moya &al., 2017
* Aquaspirillum ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Arthrobacter agilis (Ali-Cohen, 1889) Koch &al., 1995
*+ Arthrobacter alkaliphilus Ding &al., 2009
* Arthrobacter alpinus Zhang &al., 2010
* Arthrobacter bambusae Park &al., 2014
* Arthrobacter bussei Flegler &al., 2020
* Arthrobacter castelli Heyrman &al., 2005
* Arthrobacter celericrescens Yan &al., 2019
* Arthrobacter citreus Sacks, 1954
* Arthrobacter cryoconiti Margesin &al., 2012
* Arthrobacter crystallopoietes Ensign & Rittenberg, 1963
* Arthrobacter cupressi Zhang &al., 2012
* Arthrobacter deserti Hu &al., 2016
* Arthrobacter echini Lee &al., 2016
* Arthrobacter flavus Reddy &al., 2000
* Arthrobacter gandavensis Storms &al., 2003
* Arthrobacter ginkgonis Cheng &al., 2017
* Arthrobacter glacialis Liu &al., 2019
* Arthrobacter globiformis (Conn, 1928) Conn & Dimmick, 1947
* Arthrobacter gyeryongensis Hoang &al., 2014
*+? Arthrobacter halodurans Chen &al., 2012
* Arthrobacter humicola Kageyama &al., 2008
* Arthrobacter koreensis Lee &al., 2003
* Arthrobacter liuii Yu &al., 2015
* Arthrobacter livingstonensis Ganzert &al., 2011
* Arthrobacter luteolus Wauters &al., 2000
* Arthrobacter methylotrophus Borodina &al., 2002
* Arthrobacter mobilis Ye &al., 2020
* Arthrobacter monumenti Heyrman &al., 2005
* Arthrobacter nanjingensis Huang &al., 2015
* Arthrobacter orzyae Kageyama &al., 2008
* Arthrobacter paludis Zhang &al., 2018
* Arthrobacter parietis Heyrman &al., 2005
* Arthrobacter pascens Lochhead & Burton, 1953
* Arthrobacter pigmenti Heyrman &al., 2005
* Arthrobacter pityocampae Ince &al., 2014
* Arthrobacter pokkalii Krishnan &al., 2017
* Arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus Wang &al., 2009
* Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus Loveland-Curtze &al., 2000
* Arthrobacter ramosus Jensen, 1960
* Arthrobacter rhombi Osorio &al., 1999
* Arthrobacter roseus Reddy &al., 2002
* Arthrobacter ruber Liu &al., 2018
* Arthrobacter russicus Li &al., 2004
* Arthrobacter silvisoli Yan &al., 2018
* Arthrobacter silviterrae Lee &al., 2017
* Arthrobacter stackerbrandtii Tvrzova &al., 2005
* Arthrobacter subterraneus Chang &al., 2008
* Arthrobacter tecti Heyrman &al., 2005
* Arthrobacter terricola Trinh & Kim, 2021
* Arthrobacter tumbae Heyrman &al., 2005
* Arthrobacter ulcerisalmonis Kampfer &al., 2020
* Arthrobacter woluwensis Funke &al., 1997
* Arthrobacter yangruifuii Ge &al., 2020
* Arthrobacter zhaeoguopingii Ge &al., 2020
* Arthrobacter ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
***†††‡ Bacillus acidicola Albert &al. 2005
***†††‡ Bacillus aerius Shivaji &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus aerophilus Shivaji &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus albus Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus altitudinis Shivaji &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus alveayuensis Bae &al., 2005
***†††‡ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Fukumoto, 1943) Priest &al., 1987
***†††‡ Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Cohn, 1872
***†††‡ Bacillus aquiflavi Xie &al., 2020
***†††‡ Bacillus atrophaeus Nakamura, 1989
***†††‡ Bacillus australimaris Liu &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus badius Batchelor, 1919
***†††‡ Bacillus benzoevorans Pichinoty &al., 1987
***†††‡ Bacillus cabrialesii de Los Santos Villalobos &al., 2019
***†††‡ Bacillus canaveralius Newcombe &al., 2009
***†††‡ Bacillus capparidis Wang &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland, 1887
***†††‡ Bacillus chungangensis Cho &al., 2010
***†††‡ Bacillus cahuilensisereus Cerritos &al., 2008
***†††‡ Bacillus cytotoxicus Guinebretiere &al., 2013
***†††‡ Bacillus decisifrondis Zhang &al., 2007
***†††‡ Bacillus ectoiniformans Zhu &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus enclensis Dastager &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus fengquiuensis Zhao &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus fungorum Liu &al., 2020
***†††‡ Bacillus glycinifermentans Kim &al., 2015
***†††‡ Bacillus gobiensisectoiniformans Liu &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus halotolerans (Delaporte & Sasson, 1967) Tindall &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus heynesii Dunlap &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus horti Yumoto &al., 1998
***†††‡ Bacillus inaquosorum (Rooney &al., 2009) Dunlap &al., 2020
***†††‡ Bacillus infantis Ko &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus infernus Boone &al., 1995
***†††‡ Bacillus isabeliae Albuquerque &al., 2008
***†††‡ Bacillus kexueae Sun &al., 2018
***†††‡ Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann, 1898) Chester, 1901
***†††‡ Bacillus luti Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus manusensis Sun &al., 2018
***†††‡ Bacillus marinisedimentorum Guo &al., 2018
***†††‡ Bacillus mesophilus Manickam &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus methanolicus Arfman &al., 1992
***†††‡ Bacillus mobilis Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus mojavensis Roberts &al., 1994
***†††‡ Bacillus mycoides Flugge &al., 1886
***†††‡ Bacillus nakamurai Dunlap &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus ndiopicus Lo &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus nitratireducens Guo &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus oleivorans Azmatunnisa &al., 2015
***†††‡ Bacillus pacificus Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus pakistanensis Roohi &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus paralicheniformis Dunlap &al., 2015
***†††‡ Bacillus paramycoides Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus paranthracis Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus pervagus Kosowski &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus priscicola Lee &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus proteolyticus Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus pseudomycoides Nakamura, 2018
***†††‡ Bacillus pumilus Meyer & Gottheil, 1901
***†††‡ Bacillus safensis Satomi &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus salacetis Daroonpunt &al., 2019
***†††‡ Bacillus salinus Kang &al., 2020
***†††‡ Bacillus salitolerans Zhang &al., 2015
***†††‡ Bacillus seohaeanensis Lee &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus siamensis Sumpavapol &al., 2010
***†††‡ Bacillus shivajii Kumar &al., 2018
***†††‡ Bacillus smithii Nakamura &al., 1988
***†††‡ Bacillus solimangrovi Lee &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus songklensis Kang &al., 2013
***†††‡ Bacillus sonoresnis Palmisano &al., 2001
***†††‡ Bacillus spizizenii (Nakamura &al., 1999) Dunlap &al., 2020
***†††‡ Bacillus spongiae Lee &al., 2019
***†††‡ Bacillus stercoris (Adelskov & Patel, 2017) Dunlap &al., 2020
***†††‡ Bacillus stratosphericus Shivaji &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn 1872
***†††‡ Bacillus swezeyi Dunlap &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus taeanensis Lim &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus tamaricis Zhang &al., 2018
***†††‡ Bacillus tequilensis Gatson &al., 2006
***†††‡ Bacillus thermocloacae Demharter & Hensel, 1989
***†††‡ Bacillus thermotolerans Yang &al., 2013
***†††‡ Bacillus thuringiensis Burlinger, 1915
***†††‡ Bacillus tianshenii Jiang &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus toyonensis Jimenez &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus tropicus Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus vallismortis Roberts &al., 1996
***†††‡ Bacillus velezensis Ruis-Garcia &al., 2005
***†††‡ Bacillus wiedmannii Miller &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus wudalienchiensis Liu &al., 2017
***†††‡ Bacillus xiamenensis Lai &al., 2014
***†††‡ Bacillus xiapuensis Liu &al., 2019
***†††‡ Bacillus zhangzhouensis Liu &al., 2016
***†††‡ Bacillus sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
* Bacteroides acidifaciens Miyamoto & Itoh, 2000
* Bacteroides caccae Johnson &al., 1986
* Bacteroides caecicola Irisawa &al., 2016
* Bacteroides caecigallinarum Saptura &al., 2015
* Bacteroides caecimuris Lagkouvardos &al., 2016
* Bacteroides cellulosilyticus Robert &al., 2007
* Bacteroides clarus Watanabe &al., 2010
* Bacteroides coprosuis Whitehead &al., 2005
* Bacteroides eggerthii Holdeman & Moore, 1974
* Bacteroides faecalis Yu &al., 2019
* Bacteroides faecichinchillae Kitahara &al., 2012
* Bacteroides faecis Kim &al., 2010
* Bacteroides finegoldii Bakir &al., 2006
* Bacteroides fluxus Watanabe &al., 2010
* Bacteroides fragilis (Veillon & Zuber, 1898) Castellani & Chalmers, 1919
* Bacteroides galacturonicus Jensen & Canale-Parola, 1987
* Bacteroides gallinaceum Irisawa &al., 2016
* Bacteroides gallinarum Lan &al., 2006
* Bacteroides graminisolvens Nishiyama &al., 2009
* Bacteroides helcogenes Benno &al., 1983
* Bacteroides instestinalis Bakir &al., 2006
* Bacteroides koreensis Shin &al., 2017
* Bacteroides kribbi Shin &al., 2017
* Bacteroides luti Hatamoto &al., 2014
* Bacteroides nordii Song &al., 2005
* Bacteroides oleiciplenus Watanabe &al., 2010
* Bacteroides ovatus Eggerth & Gagnon, 1933
* Bacteroides pectinophilus Jensen & Canale-Parola, 1987
* Bacteroides polypragmatus Patel & Breuil, 1982
* Bacteroides propionicifaciens Ueki &al., 2008
* Bacteroides pyrogenes Benno &al., 1983
* Bacteroides reticulotermitis Sakamoto & Ohkuma, 2013
* Bacteroides rodentium Kitahara &al., 2011
* Bacteroides salyersiae Song &al., 2005
* Bacteroides stercorirosoris Kitahara &al., 2012
* Bacteroides stercoris Johnson &al., 1986
* Bacteroides thetataiotaomicron (Distaso, 1912) Castellani & Chalmers, 1919
* Bacteroides uniformis Eggerth & Gagnon, 1933
* Bacteroides xylanolyticus Scholten-Koerselman &al., 1988
* Bacteroides ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Brevibacterium album Tang &al., 2008
* Brevibacterium ammoniilyticum Kim &al., 2013
* Brevibacterium anseongense Jung &al., 2019
* Brevibacterium antiquum Gavrish &al., 2005
* Brevibacterium aurantiacum Gavrish &al., 2005
* Brevibacterium avium Pascual & Collins, 1999
* Brevibacterium casei Collins &al., 1983
* Brevibacterium celere Ivanova &al., 2004
* Brevibacterium daeguense Cui &al., 2013
* Brevibacterium epidermidis Collins &al., 1983
* Brevibacterium frigoritolerans Delaporte & Sasson, 1967
* Brevibacterium hankyongi Choi &al., 2018
* Brevibacterium iodinum (Davis, 1939) Collins &al., 1981
* Brevibacterium jeotgali Choi &al., 2013
* Brevibacterium linens (Wolff, 1910) Breed, 1953
* Brevibacterium luteolum Wauters &al., 2003
* Brevibacterium linens (Wolff, 1910) Breed, 1953
* Brevibacterium marinum Lee, 2008
* Brevibacterium mcbrellneri McBride &al., 1994
* Brevibacterium oceani Bhadra &al., 2008
* Brevibacterium otitidis Pascual, 1996
* Brevibacterium paucivorans Wauters &al., 2001
* Brevibacterium permense Gavrish &al., 2005
* Brevibacterium picturae Heyrman &al., 2004
* Brevibacterium pityocampae Kati &al., 2010
* Brevibacterium profundi Pei &al., 2020
* Brevibacterium ravenspurgense Mages &al., 2009
* Brevibacterium rongguiense Deng &al., 2020
*+ Brevibacterium salitolerans Guan &al., 2010
* Brevibacterium samyangense Lee, 2006
* Brevibacterium sandarakinum Kampfer &al., 2010
* Brevibacterium sanguinis Wauters &al., 2004
* Brevibacterium sediminis Chen &al., 2004
* Brevibacterium senegalense Kokcha &al., 2013
* Brevibacterium siliguriense Kumar &al., 2013
* Brevibacterium yomogidense Tonouchi &al., 2013
* Brevibacterium ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
*** Carnobacterium alterfunditum Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium divergens Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium funditum Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium gallinarum Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium inhibens Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium mobile Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium pleistocenium Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium viridans Nicholson &al., 2013
*** Carnobacterium sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
***†††‡ Clostridium aceticum Wieringa, 1940
***†††‡ Clostridium acetireducens Orlygsson &al., 1996
***†††‡ Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy &al., 1926
***†††‡ Clostridium acidisoli Kuhner &al., 2000
***†††‡ Clostridium aestuarii Kim &al., 2007
***†††‡ Clostridium akagii Kuhner &al., 2000
***†††‡ Clostridium algidicarnis Lawson &al., 1995
***†††‡ Clostridium algifaecis Wu &al., 2014
***†††‡ Clostridium algoriphilum Shcherbakova &al., 2010
***†††‡ Clostridium amazonense O’Neal &al., 2015
***†††‡ Clostridium aminophilum Paster &al., 1993
***†††‡ Clostridium amylolyticum Song & Dong, 2008
***†††‡ Clostridium arbusti Jung &al., 2010
***†††‡ Clostridium arcticum Jordan & McNicol, 1979
***†††‡ Clostridium argentinense Suen &al., 1988
***†††‡ Clostridium atrophaeus Nakamura, 1989
***†††‡ Clostridium aurantibutyricum Hellinger, 1944
***†††‡ Clostridium baratii Prevot, 1938
***†††‡ Clostridium beihaiense Dong &al., 2018
***†††‡ Clostridium beijerinckii Donker, 1926
***†††‡ Clostridium bornimense Hahnke &al., 2014
***†††‡ Clostridium botulinum van Ermengem, 1896
***†††‡ Clostridium bovifaecis Zhu &al., 2018
***†††‡ Clostridium bowmanii Spring &al., 2003
***†††‡ Clostridium budayi Le Blaye, 1914
***†††‡ Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski, 1880
***†††‡ Clostridium cadaveris Klein, 1899
***†††‡ Clostridium carboxidivorans Liou &al., 2005
***†††‡ Clostridium carnis Klein, 1904
***†††‡ Clostridium cavendishii Bowman &al., 2010
***†††‡ Clostridium celatum Hauschild & Holdeman, 1974
***†††‡ Clostridium cellulosi He &al., 1991
***†††‡ Clostridium cellulovorans Sleat &al., 1985
***†††‡ Clostridium chartatabidum Kelly &al., 1996
***†††‡ Clostridium chauvoei Arloing &al., 1887
***†††‡ Clostridium chromiireducens Inglett, 2011
***†††‡ Clostridium clostridioforme Burri & Ankersmit, 1906
***†††‡ Clostridium cochlearium Douglas, 1919
***†††‡ Clostridium cocleatum Kaneuchi &al., 1979
***†††‡ Clostridium colicanis Greetham &al., 2003
***†††‡ Clostridium colinum Berkhoff &al., 1974
***†††‡ Clostridium collagenovorans Jain & Zeikus, 1988
***†††‡ Clostridium combesii Prevot & Laplanche, 1947
***†††‡ Clostridium composti Shin &al., 2018
***†††‡ Clostridium cylindrosporum Barker & Beck, 1942
***†††‡ Clostridium disporicum Horn, 1987
***†††‡ Clostridium drakei Liou &al., 2005
***†††‡ Clostridium estertheticum Collins &al., 1993
***†††‡ Clostridium fallax Weinberg & Seguin, 1915
***†††‡ Clostridium felsineum Carbone & Tombolato, 1917
***†††‡ Clostridium fermenticellae Xu &al., 2019
***†††‡ Clostridium fessum Seo &al., 2020
***†††‡ Clostridium fimetarium Kotsyurbenko &al., 1997
***†††‡ Clostridium formicaceticum Andreesen &al., 1970
***†††‡ Clostridium frigidicarnus Broda &al., 1999
***†††‡ Clostridium frigoris Spring &al., 2003
***†††‡ Clostridium ganghwense Kim &al., 2006
***†††‡ Clostridium gasigenes Broda &al., 2000
***†††‡ Clostridium granti Mountfort &al., 1996
***†††‡ Clostridium guangxiense Zhao &al., 2017
***†††‡ Clostridium haemolyticum Hall, 1929
***†††‡ Clostridium halophilum Fendrich &al., 1991
***†††‡ Clostridium herbivorans Varel &al., 1995
***†††‡ Clostridium hiranonis Kitahara &al., 2001
***†††‡ Clostridium histolyticum
(not very thermotolerant; OGT=60°C)
Weinberg & Seguin, 1916
***†††‡ Clostridium homopropionicum Dorner & Schink, 1991
***†††‡ Clostridium huakuii Ruan &al., 2014
***†††‡ Clostridium hydrogeniformans Bowman &al., 2010
***†††‡ Clostridium hylemonae Kitahara &al., 2000
***†††‡ Clostridium indicum
(extremotolerant mesophile, OGT=37°C)
Gundawar &al., 2019
***†††‡ Clostridium innocuum Smith & King, 1962
***†††‡ Clostridium intestinale Lee &al., 1989
***†††‡ Clostridium irregulare Choukevitch, 1911
***†††‡ Clostridium isatidis Padden &al., 1999
***†††‡ Clostridium jeddahense Lagier &al., 2016
***†††‡ Clostridium kluyveri Barker & Taha, 1942
***†††‡ Clostridium lacusfryxellense Spring &al., 2003
***†††‡ Clostridium leptum Moore &al., 1976
***†††‡ Clostridium liquoris Yin &al., 2016
***†††‡ Clostridium ljungdahlii Tanner &al., 1993
***†††‡ Clostridium lundense Cirne &al., 2006
***†††‡ Clostridium luticellarii Wang &al., 2015
***†††‡ Clostridium magnum Schink, 1984
***†††‡ Clostridium malenominatum Weinberg &al., 1937
***†††‡ Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi &al., 1999
***†††‡ Clostridium methylpentosum Himelbloom & Canale-Parola, 1989
***†††‡ Clostridium moniliforme Repaci, 1910
***†††‡ Clostridium neonatale Bernard &al., 2018
***†††‡ Clostridium neuense Zhao &al., 2017
***†††‡ Clostridium nexile Holdeman & Moore, 1974
***†††‡ Clostridium nitritogenes Prevot, 1940
***†††‡ Clostridium nitrophenolicum Suresh &al., 2007
***†††‡ Clostridium novyi Migula, 1900
***†††‡ Clostridium oceanicum Smith, 1970
***†††‡ Clostridium oryzae Horino &al., 2015
***†††‡ Clostridium pabulibutyricum Kobayashi &al., 2017
***†††‡ Clostridium paradoxum Li &al., 1993
***†††‡ Clostridium paraputrificum Bienstock, 1906
***†††‡ Clostridium pascui Wilde &al., 1997
***†††‡ Clostridium pasteurianum Winogradsky, 1985
***†††‡ Clostridium peptidovorans Mechichi &al., 2000
***†††‡ Clostridium perfringens
(formerly C. welchii)
Veillon & Zuber, 1898
***†††‡ Clostridium phytofermentans Warnick &al., 2002
***†††‡ Clostridium piliforme Tyzzer, 1917
***†††‡ Clostridium polyendosporum Duda &al., 1996
***†††‡ Clostridium polysaccharolyticum van Glyswyk, 1981
***†††‡ Clostridium populeti Sleat & Mah, 1985
***†††‡ Clostridium prolinivorans Huang &al., 2020
***†††‡ Clostridium psychrophilum Spring &al., 2003
***†††‡ Clostridium punense Lanjekar &al., 2015
***†††‡ Clostridium puniceam Lund &al., 1981
***†††‡ Clostridium putrefaciens McBryde, 1911
***†††‡ Clostridium quinii Svensson &al., 1995
***†††‡ Clostridium ramosum Veillon & Zuber, 1898
***†††‡ Clostridium roseum McCoy & McClung, 1935
***†††‡ Clostridium saccharobutylicum Kleis &al., 2001
***†††‡ Clostridium saccharogumia Clavel &al., 2007
***†††‡ Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Kleis &al., 2001
***†††‡ Clostridium sardiniense
(aka Clostridium absonum
Prevot, 1938
***†††‡ Clostridium sartagoforme Partansky & Henry, 1935
***†††‡ Clostridium saudiense Angelakis &al., 2016
***†††‡ Clostridium scidens Morris &al., 1985
***†††‡ Clostridium senagelense Mishra &al., 2015
***†††‡ Clostridium septicum Macé, 1889
***†††‡ Clostridium spiroforme Kaneuchi &al., 1979
***†††‡ Clostridium sporogenes Metchnikoff, 1908
***†††‡ Clostridium sporosphaeroides Soriano & Soriano, 1948
***†††‡ Clostridium subterminale Hall & Whitehead, 1927
***†††‡ Clostridium sulfidigenes Sallam & Steinbuchel, 2009
***†††‡ Clostridium swellfunianum Liu &al., 2015
***†††‡ Clostridium symbiosum Stevens, 1956
***†††‡ Clostridium tagluense Suetin &al., 2009
***†††‡ Clostridium tarantellae (Udey &al., 1977) Lawson & Rainey, 2016
***†††‡ Clostridium tepidiprofundi Slobodkina &al., 2008
***†††‡ Clostridium tepidum Dobritsa &al., 2017
***†††‡ Clostridium tertium (Henry, 1917) Bergey &al., 1923
***†††‡ Clostridium tetani (Flugge, 1886) Bergey &al., 1923
***†††‡ Clostridium tetanomorphum (Bulloch &al., 1919) Wilde &al., 1989
***†††‡ Clostridium thermarum Liu &al., 2021
***†††‡ Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum Li &al., 1994
***†††‡ Clostridium thermobutyricum Weigel &al., 1989
***†††‡ Clostridium thermopalmarium Soh &al., 1991
***†††‡ Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum Mendez &al., 1991
***†††‡ Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum McClung, 1935
***†††‡ Clostridium thermosuccinogenes Drent &al., 1995
***†††‡ Clostridium thermosulfurigenes Schink & Zeikus, 1983
***†††‡ Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Hernandez-Euginio &al., 2002
***†††‡ Clostridium tyrobutyricum van Beynum & Pette, 1935
***†††‡ Clostridium uliginosum Matthies &al., 2001
***†††‡ Clostridium villosum Love &al., 1979
***†††‡ Clostridium vincentii Mountfort &al., 1997
***†††‡ Clostridium viride Buckel &al., 1995
***†††‡ Clostridium vulturis Paek &al., 2015
***†††‡ Clostridium sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
* Colwellia aestuarii Jung &al., 2006
* Colwellia agarivorans Xu &al., 2017
* Colwellia aquaemaris Liu &al., 2014
* Colwellia arctica Wang &al., 2001
* Candidatus Colwellia aromaticivorans Campeao &al., 2019
* Colwellia asteriadis Choi &al., 2010
* Colwellia beringensis Zhang &al., 2017
* Colwellia chukchiensis Yu &al., 2011
* Colwellia demingiae Bowman &al., 1998
* Colwellia echini Christiansen &al., 2018
* Colwellia hadaliensis Deming &al., 1988
* Colwellia hornerae Bowman &al., 1998
* Colwellia marinimaniae Kusube &al., 2017
* Colwellia maris Yumoto &al., 1998
* Colwellia meonggei Kim &al., 2017
* Colwellia mytili Kim &al., 2017
* Colwellia piezophila Nogi &al., 2004
* Colwellia polaris Zhang &al., 2008
* Colwellia ponticola Park &al., 2019
* Colwellia psychrerythraea (D’Aoust & Kushner, 1972) Deming &al., 1998
* Colwellia psychotropica Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Colwellia rossensis Bowman &al., 1998
* Colwellia sediminilitoris Park &al., 2016
* Colwellia ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Cryobacterium arcticum Bajerski &al., 2011
* Cryobacterium aureum Liu &al., 2018
* Cryobacterium flavum Liu &al., 2012
* Cryobacterium levicorallinum Liu &al., 2013
* Cryobacterium luteum Liu &al., 2012
* Cryobacterium psychrophilum Suzuku &al., 1997
* Cryobacterium psychrotolerans Zhang &al., 2007
* Cryobacterium roopkundense Reddy &al., 2010
*** Cryobacterium sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
* Cytophaga aurantiaca (Winogradsky, 1929) Reichenbach &al., 1989
* Cytophaga hutchinsonii Winogradsky, 1929
* Cytophaga ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
Deinococcus actinosclerus Kim &al., 2018
Deinococcus aerius Yang &al., 2009
Deinococcus aerolatus Yoo &al., 2010
Deinococcus aerophilus Yoo &al., 2010
Deinococcus aetherius Yang &al., 2010
Deinococcus alpinitundrae Callegan &al., 2008
Deinococcus altitudinis Callegan &al., 2008
Deinococcus aluminii Kim &al., 2018
Deinococcus antarcticus ?
Deinococcus apachensis Rainey & da Costa, 2005
Deinococcus aquaticus Im &al., 2008
Deinococcus aquatilis Kampfer &al., 2008
Deinococcus aquivivus Kaempferet &al., 2008
Deinococcus arenae Lee &al., 2016
Deinococcus budaensis Makk &al., 2016
Deinococcus caeni Im &al., 2008
Deinococcus carri ?
Deinococcus callulosilyticus Weon &al., 2007
Deinococcus citri ?
Deinococcus claudionis Callegan &al., 2008
Deinococcus daejeonensis Srinivasan &al., 2011
Deinococcus depolymerans Asker &al., 2011
Deinococcus deserti de Groot &al., 2005
Deinococcus erythromyxa Brooks & Murray, 1981
Deinococcus ficus (also alkaliphile) (Shashidhar & Bandekar, 2005) Kampfer, 2009
*††† Deinococcus frigens Hirsch &al., 2006
Deinococcus gammatolerans Srinivasan &al., 2017
Deinococcus geothermalis (also a near-thermophile) Ferreira &al., 1997
Deinococcus gobiensis Yuan &al., 2009
Deinococcus grandis Rainey &al., 1997
Deinococcus hibisci Moya &al., 2018
Deinococcus hohokamensis Rainey &al., 2005
Deinococcus hopiensis Rainey &al., 2005
Deinococcus indicus Suresh &al., 2004
Deinococcus knuensis Lee &al., 2017
Deinococcus koreense Kim &al., 2017
Deinococcus koreensis Baek &al., 2018
Deinococcus lacus Park &al., 2018
Deinococcus malanensis Zhu &al., 2017
Deinococcus maricopensis Rainey &al., 2005
*† Deinococcus marmoris Hirsch, 2004
Deinococcus metalli ?
Deinococcus metallilatus ?
Deinococcus misasensis Asker &al., 2008
Deinococcus multiflagellatus Kim &al., 2018
Deinococcus murrayi
(also a near-thermophile)
Ferreira &al., 1997
Deinococcus navajonensis Rainey &al., 2005
Deinococcus papagonensis Rainey &al., 2005
Deinococcus peraridilitoris Rainey &al., 2007
Deinococcus persicinus Jeon &al., 2016
Deinococcus pimensis Rainey &al., 2005
Deinococcus piscis Shashidhar &al., 2009
Deinococcus planocerae Lin &al., 2017
Deinococcus populi Lee &al., 2014
Deinococcus proteolyticus Kobatake &al., 1973?
Deinococcus puniceus ?
Deinococcus radiodurans Brooks & Murray, 1981
Deinococcus radiomollis Callegan, 2008
Deinococcus radiophilus Lewis, 1976
Deinococcus radiopugnans Davis, 1963
Deinococcus radioresistens Srinivasan &al., 2016
Deinococcus reticulitermitis Chen &al., 2011
Deinococcus roseus Asker &al., 2008
Deinococcus ruber Kim &al., 2017
Deinococcus rufus Wang &al., 2018
Deinococcus sahariens Bouraoui &al., 2012
Deinococcus saudiensis ?
*††† Deinococcus saxicola Hirsch &al., 2006
Deinococcus sedimenti Lee &al., 2017
Deinococcus seoulensis ?
Deinococcus soli Zhang &al., 2011; Cha &al., 2016
Deinococcus sonorensis Rainey &al., 205
Deinococcus taklimakanensis Liu &al., 2017
Deinococcus wulumuqiensis Wang &al., 2010
Deinococcus xibeiensis Wang &al., 2010
Deinococcus xianganensis Zheng &al., 2014
Deinococcus xinjangensis Peng &al., 2009
Deinococcus yavapaiensis Rainey &al., 2009
Deinococcus yunweiensis Zhang &al., 2007
** Exiguobacterium sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
* Flavobacterium ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Gelidibacter ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
*+ Halomonas sp. ANT108
(also halotolerant)
Wang &al., 2020
* Hyphomonas adhaerens Winer &al., 2000
* Hyphomonas atlantica Li &al., 2015
* Hyphomonas beringensis Li &al., 2015
* Hyphomonas chukchiensis Li &al., 2015
* Hyphomonas hirschiana Weiner &al., 1985
* Hyphomonas jannaschiana Weiner &al., 1985
* Hyphomonas johnsonii Weiner &al., 2000
* Hyphomonas neptunium (Leifson, 1964) Moore &al., 1984
* Hyphomonas oceanitis Weiner &al., 1985
* Hyphomonas polymorpha (Pongratz, 1957) Moore &al., 1984
* Hyphomonas rosenbergii Weiner &al., 2000
* Hyphomonas sp. Edwards &al., 2003
* Methanococcoides ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Methanogenium ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Methanosarcina ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Methylococcus sp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Microbacterium ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Micrococcus ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Moritella ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
***††† Natrialba magadii (Tindall &al., 1984) Kamekura &al., 1997
* Octadecabacter ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
** Paenibacillus sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
* Phormidium ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Photobacterium ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Polaribacter ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Polaromonas ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
* Pseudomonas antarctica Chauhan &al., 2015
* Pseudomonas helmanticens Saurabh &al., 2020
* Pseudomonas meridiana Chauhan &al., 2015
* Pseudomonas proteolytica Chauhan &al., 2015
* Pseudomonas psychrophila Yumoto &al., 2001
* Pseudomonas ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
*† Psychrobacter adeliensis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter aestuarii Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter alimentarius Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter aquaticus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter aquimaris Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter arcticus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter arenosus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter celer Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter cibarius Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter cryohalolentis
(also a halophile?)
Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter faecalis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter fozii Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter frigidicola Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter fulvigenes Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter glacincola Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter immobilis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter jeotgali Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter luti Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter lutiphocae Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter marincola Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter maritimus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter namhaensis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter nivimaris Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter okhotskensis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter pacificensis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter piscatorii Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter proteolyticus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter pulmonis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter salsus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter sanguinis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter submarinus Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter urativorans Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
*† Psychrobacter vallis Garcia-Lopez &al., 2014
* Psychroserpens ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
** Rhodococcus sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
Rubrobacter aplysinae Kampfer &al., 2014
Rubrobacter bracarensis Jurado &al., 2012
Rubrobacter calidifluminis Albuquerque &al., 2014
Rubrobacter naiadicus Albuquerque &al., 2014
Rubrobacter radiotolerans Yoshinaka &al., 1973
Rubrobacter taiwanensis Chen &al., 2004
Rubrobacter xylanophilus Carreto &al., 1996
Rubrobacter wessexii ?
* Shewanella arctica Kim &al., 2012
* Shewanella donghaensis Yang &al., 2009
* Shewanella frigidimarina Bowman &al., 1997
* Shewanella psychromarinicola Hwang &al., 2019
* Shewanella ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001
** Streptomyces sp. Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
** Serratia ficaria Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
** Serratia fonticola Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
** Serratia grimesii Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
** Serratia liquefaciens Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
** Serratia plymuthica Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
** Serratia quinivorans Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016
Thermococcus gammatolerans ?
* Vibrio ssp. Morita & Moyer, 2001



References

Note: This section is still under construction!


Schuerger & Nicholson, 2016.
http://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1587

Nicholson &al., 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209793110

Garcia-Lopez M-L., ... Rodriguez-Calleja (2014); Psychrobacter. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition). Elsevier Inc. (2013). ISBN: 978-0-12-384733-1 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123847331/encyclopedia-of-food-microbiology>

Kampfer P., (2009); Deinococcus mumbaiensis Shashidhar and Bandekar 2006 is a later heterotypic synonym of Deinococcus ficus Lai et al. 2006. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Volume 59, Issue 2 (2009). First Published: 01 February 2009 <https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.002824-0

Liu Q., Liu H., Wen Y., Zhou Y., Xin Y., (2012); Cryobacterium flavum sp. nov. and Cryobacterium luteum sp. nov., isolated from glacier ice. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2012 Jun;62(Pt 6):1296-1299. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.033738-0. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21784961/>

Morita R.Y., Moyer C.L. (2001); Biodiversity of psychrofiles. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition). Elsevier Ltd. (2014). ISBN: 978-0-12-384720-1 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123847201/encyclopedia-of-biodiversity>



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